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The AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty exam covers a wide range of topics, including the fundamentals of machine learning, data exploration and visualization, feature engineering, model selection and evaluation, and deep learning. It also includes topics such as data preparation, data preprocessing, and model optimization. AWS-Certified-Machine-Learning-Specialty Exam is designed to test the candidate's ability to apply these concepts to real-world scenarios and solve business problems using machine learning techniques.
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NEW QUESTION # 303
A Machine Learning Specialist is working for a credit card processing company and receives an unbalanced dataset containing credit card transactions. It contains 99,000 valid transactions and 1,000 fraudulent transactions The Specialist is asked to score a model that was run against the dataset The Specialist has been advised that identifying valid transactions is equally as important as identifying fraudulent transactions What metric is BEST suited to score the model?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) is a metric that is best suited to score the model for the given scenario.
AUC is a measure of the performance of a binary classifier, such as a model that predicts whether a credit card transaction is valid or fraudulent. AUC is calculated based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, which is a plot that shows the trade-off between the true positive rate (TPR) and the false positive rate (FPR) of the classifier as the decision threshold is varied. The TPR, also known as recall or sensitivity, is the proportion of actual positive cases (fraudulent transactions) that are correctly predicted as positive by the classifier. The FPR, also known as the fall-out, is the proportion of actual negative cases (valid transactions) that are incorrectly predicted as positive by the classifier. The ROC curve illustrates how well the classifier can distinguish between the two classes, regardless of the class distribution or the error costs. A perfect classifier would have a TPR of 1 and an FPR of 0 for all thresholds, resulting in a ROC curve that goes from the bottom left to the top left and then to the top right of the plot. A random classifier would have a TPR and an FPR that are equal for all thresholds, resulting in a ROC curve that goes from the bottom left to the top right of the plot along the diagonal line. AUC is the area under the ROC curve, and it ranges from 0 to 1. A higher AUC indicates a better classifier, as it means that the classifier has a higher TPR and a lower FPR for all thresholds. AUC is a useful metric for imbalanced classification problems, such as the credit card transaction dataset, because it is insensitive to the class imbalance and the error costs. AUC can capture the overall performance of the classifier across all possible scenarios, and it can be used to compare different classifiers based on their ROC curves.
The other options are not as suitable as AUC for the given scenario for the following reasons:
Precision: Precision is the proportion of predicted positive cases (fraudulent transactions) that are actually positive. Precision is a useful metric when the cost of a false positive is high, such as in spam detection or medical diagnosis. However, precision is not a good metric for imbalanced classification problems, because it can be misleadingly high when the positive class is rare. For example, a classifier that predicts all transactions as valid would have a precision of 0, but a very high accuracy of 99%.
Precision is also dependent on the decision threshold and the error costs, which may vary for different scenarios.
Recall: Recall is the same as the TPR, and it is the proportion of actual positive cases (fraudulent transactions) that are correctly predicted as positive by the classifier. Recall is a useful metric when the cost of a false negative is high, such as in fraud detection or cancer diagnosis. However, recall is not a good metric for imbalanced classification problems, because it can be misleadingly low when the positive class is rare. For example, a classifier that predicts all transactions as fraudulent would have a recall of 1, but a very low accuracy of 1%. Recall is also dependent on the decision threshold and the error costs, which may vary for different scenarios.
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE): RMSE is a metric that measures the average difference between the predicted and the actual values. RMSE is a useful metric for regression problems, where the goal is to predict a continuous value, such as the price of a house or the temperature of a city. However, RMSE is not a good metric for classification problems, where the goal is to predict a discrete value, such as the class label of a transaction. RMSE is not meaningful for classification problems, because it does not capture the accuracy or the error costs of the predictions.
References:
ROC Curve and AUC
How and When to Use ROC Curves and Precision-Recall Curves for Classification in Python Precision-Recall Root Mean Squared Error
NEW QUESTION # 304
A company is building a new supervised classification model in an AWS environment. The company's data science team notices that the dataset has a large quantity of variables Ail the variables are numeric. The model accuracy for training and validation is low. The model's processing time is affected by high latency The data science team needs to increase the accuracy of the model and decrease the processing.
How it should the data science team do to meet these requirements?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The best way to meet the requirements is to use a principal component analysis (PCA) model, which is a technique that reduces the dimensionality of the dataset by transforming the original variables into a smaller set of new variables, called principal components, that capture most of the variance and information in the data1. This technique has the following advantages:
* It can increase the accuracy of the model by removing noise, redundancy, and multicollinearity from the data, and by enhancing the interpretability and generalization of the model23.
* It can decrease the processing time of the model by reducing the number of features and the computational complexity of the model, and by improving the convergence and stability of the model45.
* It is suitable for numeric variables, as it relies on the covariance or correlation matrix of the data, and it can handle a large quantity of variables, as it can extract the most relevant ones16.
The other options are not effective or appropriate, because they have the following drawbacks:
* A: Creating new features and interaction variables can increase the accuracy of the model by capturing more complex and nonlinear relationships in the data, but it can also increase the processing time of the model by adding more features and increasing the computational complexity of the model7. Moreover, it can introduce more noise, redundancy, and multicollinearity in the data, which can degrade the performance and interpretability of the model8.
* C: Applying normalization on the feature set can increase the accuracy of the model by scaling the features to a common range and avoiding the dominance of some features over others, but it can also decrease the processing time of the model by reducing the numerical instability and improving the convergence of the model . However, normalization alone is not enough to address the high dimensionality and high latency issues of the dataset, as it does not reduce the number of features or the variance in the data.
* D: Using a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) model is not suitable for numeric variables, as it is a technique that reduces the dimensionality of the dataset by transforming the original categorical variables into a smaller set of new variables, called factors, that capture most of the inertia and information in the data. MCA is similar to PCA, but it is designed for nominal or ordinal variables, not for continuous or interval variables.
References:
* 1: Principal Component Analysis - Amazon SageMaker
* 2: How to Use PCA for Data Visualization and Improved Performance in Machine Learning | by Pratik Shukla | Towards Data Science
* 3: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for Feature Selection and some of its Pitfalls | by Nagesh Singh Chauhan | Towards Data Science
* 4: How to Reduce Dimensionality with PCA and Train a Support Vector Machine in Python | by James Briggs | Towards Data Science
* 5: Dimensionality Reduction and Its Applications | by Aniruddha Bhandari | Towards Data Science
* 6: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Python | by Susan Li | Towards Data Science
* 7: Feature Engineering for Machine Learning | by Dipanjan (DJ) Sarkar | Towards Data Science
* 8: Feature Engineering - How to Engineer Features and How to Get Good at It | by Parul Pandey | Towards Data Science
* : [Feature Scaling for Machine Learning: Understanding the Difference Between Normalization vs.
Standardization | by Benjamin Obi Tayo Ph.D. | Towards Data Science]
* : [Why, How and When to Scale your Features | by George Seif | Towards Data Science]
* : [Normalization vs Dimensionality Reduction | by Saurabh Annadate | Towards Data Science]
* : [Multiple Correspondence Analysis - Amazon SageMaker]
* : [Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) | by Raul Eulogio | Towards Data Science]
NEW QUESTION # 305
A Machine Learning Specialist trained a regression model, but the first iteration needs optimizing. The Specialist needs to understand whether the model is more frequently overestimating or underestimating the target.
What option can the Specialist use to determine whether it is overestimating or underestimating the target value?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 306
A machine learning specialist works for a fruit processing company and needs to build a system that categorizes apples into three types. The specialist has collected a dataset that contains 150 images for each type of apple and applied transfer learning on a neural network that was pretrained on ImageNet with this dataset.
The company requires at least 85% accuracy to make use of the model.
After an exhaustive grid search, the optimal hyperparameters produced the following:
68% accuracy on the training set
67% accuracy on the validation set
What can the machine learning specialist do to improve the system's accuracy?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The problem described in the question is a case of underfitting, where the neural network model performs poorly on both the training and validation sets. This means that the model has not learned the features of the data well enough and has high bias. To solve this issue, the machine learning specialist should consider the following change:
* Add more data to the training set and retrain the model using transfer learning to reduce the bias
1: Adding more data to the training set can help the model learn more patterns and variations in the data and improve its performance. Transfer learning can also help the model leverage the knowledge from the pre-trained network and adapt it to the new data. This can reduce the bias and increase the accuracy of the model.
References:
* Transfer learning for TensorFlow image classification models in Amazon SageMaker
* Transfer learning for custom labels using a TensorFlow container and "bring your own algorithm" in Amazon SageMaker
* Machine Learning Concepts - AWS Training and Certification
NEW QUESTION # 307
A company ingests machine learning (ML) data from web advertising clicks into an Amazon S3 data lake. Click data is added to an Amazon Kinesis data stream by using the Kinesis Producer Library (KPL). The data is loaded into the S3 data lake from the data stream by using an Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream. As the data volume increases, an ML specialist notices that the rate of data ingested into Amazon S3 is relatively constant. There also is an increasing backlog of data for Kinesis Data Streams and Kinesis Data Firehose to ingest.
Which next step is MOST likely to improve the data ingestion rate into Amazon S3?
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 308
......
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